College essay topics to write about Ability - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1660 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? This essay discusses the ability of the governments in developing countries to promote and manage economic development. In essence, the essay discusses the fact that the governments of developing economies understand the problems they face and have a set of priorities, and that the heads of government may have personnel educated and trained abroad who are familiar with recent economic thinking, plus the possibility of support from international institutions. However, they may lack the resources to implement policy, elements of the economy may be outside their control, they may have corrupt bureaucracies, may lack competence at different levels of government and may set anti-developmental priorities. In addition, the problems they face in managing their economic development may be the result of external factors beyond their control, and the narrow base of the economy may make them very susceptible to external shocks. In addition, policies once implemented may f ace conditions, either internal or external, which cause them to fail. In general, the essay considers that East Asian economies supply examples of competent economic management, while sub-Saharan Africa has a record of failed economic management. Africa has heard calls for democracy for many decades, both from internal and external sources, and due to external and internal factors (Darga, 1997), however, especially in this climate, where nations go to war in the name of fighting for democratization, it is important to realise that governance and democracy are not the same thing. Governance, i.e., governing the people in a responsible manner which leads to equal economic prosperity for all inhabitants, is not the same as democracy, which can be defined, in its simplest terms, as â€Å"rule by the people†, and these two ideas have very different practical applications and outcomes, although they are interrelated, and both have emphases which can be political or economical. The World Bank defines governance as â€Å"the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a countrys economic and social resources for development† and it is under the terms of this definition that the present essay shall move forwards, even though this definition does not specify that democracy is a pre-requisite for governance. As can be seen from any analyses of the present state of the economies of these two continents, Africa and East Asia are at very different developmental stages, in terms of social, economic and also political development, perhaps because, in Africa (for example, Zimbabwe), leaders have often failed to deliver on their promises for enhanced economic performance, with changes of regimes also failing to improve economic or social conditions; on the other hand, in East Asia, for example, in Japan, which came very late to industrialisation, under a Western framework, a market system was created which has led to sustained economic success f or this economy. Further examples from East Asia, such as Taiwan and Korea show that strong governance, in the formation of rent creating avenues, such as fiscal incentives and protection and promotion, can lead to the formation of an environment that is conducive to private investment, which propels the country to economic success (Darga, 1997). Thus, governance is of fundamental importance to the economic success of a nation, and nations without strong governments cannot promote and manage economic development, at least not in the long-term. Thus, the need for positive governance is fundamental, in terms of developing architectures which allow future economic prosperity, but it can be seen, across the less developed world, that even if the governments of developing economies understand the problems they face and have a set of priorities for tackling these problems, and even if those heads of government are assisted by personnel who have been educated and trained abroad and who are familiar with recent economic thinking, these governments may well lack the resources to implement policy, elements of their economy may be outside their control, they may have corrupt bureaucracies, they may lack competence at different levels of government and may set anti-developmental priorities. In addition, the problems they face in managing their economic development may be the result of external factors beyond their control, such as payments to impossible external debts, and, as such, the narrow base of the economy may make the country very susceptible to external shocks. A case in point here to illustrate this is Colombia. Colombia is very rich in natural resources, and indeed the government has just begun the process of privatizing its oil resources, through Ecopetrol, but the country has massive external debts, which cripples its economic structure (Solimano, 2000). In addition, the country is beset by other problems which do not allow progress in economic developm ent: it is in the middle of a civil war, between left-wing guerrillas (the FARC and ELN) and the right-wing paramilitaries, said to have been formed as counter-guerrilla movements by the current President, Alvaro Uribe (Solimano, 2000). On top of this, which does not allow the country to flourish, economically, as many people who are able to work cannot do so due to the fighting in large parts of the country, or due to the fact that working in the illegal drugs industry is more lucrative when you need to feed your family, the country is being coerced in to signing a free-trade (the TLC) agreement with the United States, which, under the guise of ‘free trade and ‘trade liberalization would basically mark the end of Colombian agricultural production in some sectors, due to the expected influx of massive amounts of highly subsidized goods from the United States (Solimano, 2000). This situation, however complicated it is by the conflict over drugs, is not unique to Colomb ia: many less developed countries find themselves run by competent governors but unable to forge ahead economic development due to many adverse external factors which cripple any economic progress they try to make (Smith, 2007). Thus, whilst many in the West can blame the problems of the less developed world on the lack of adequate governance, this simply is not the case on the ground in many of these less developed countries. For some of these countries, Argentina, for example, which just passed through one of the worst economic crises of recent times, due to a miscalculation of its foreign exchange system, crippling levels of external debt, which have yet to be forgiven, mean that interest payments make up the bulk of the countrys expenses, at the expense of urgent social development programs. This leads to further problems for less developed countries: as social programs are ignored and left aside, through lack of funds, the youth become more disillusioned still, making it diffic ult for them to be educated fully, making it difficult for them to find work, and thus making it easier for them to enter in to crime, posing far greater social problems for the country concerned (Smith, 2007). It has been suggested that this vicious circle can only be broken when the full extent of the contribution of external problems to the problems of less developed countries is acknowledged fully, and acted upon, by, for example, offering debt relief. Thus, the problems of governance and how these relate to the problems of less developed countries is an agenda to be taken seriously, but not as an agenda in itself, but rather as a means to an end, especially bearing in mind that good governance can only come about when the populace has a certain level of social coherence (Smith, 2007). It is a rather obscure form of negative cultural relativism that assumes that less developed countries cannot ‘manage themselves solely because of the problems of government. People in le ss developed countries, especially those who have been educated abroad, are as capable than people in developed countries, in terms of formulating solutions to the present problems and implementing these solutions. The ability of the governments in developing countries to promote and manage economic development is generally not a function of the personnel involved, although factors like corruption and lack of democracy are, often, present and highly negative, but rather a complex reaction to a range of factors, both internal and external, which usually mean that whatever government is in place in a less developed country cannot fully solve the problems present in that country at any particular time, due to the magnitude of those external and internal problems: the ability to solve those problems, to allow for the promotion and sustenance, of economic development simply is not possible, especially in those countries with no industrial development to speak of (i.e., many African count ries) and those countries with other problems (i.e., Colombia or Afghanistan, for example, where civil war, related to drugs, prevents true economic development) (Smith, 2007). There is no panacea for how to achieve sustained economic development in less developed countries, due to the myriad of inter-related problems facing each and every one of these countries, and the idea that the ability of the governments, alone, is responsible for promoting and managing economic development in less developed countries is naà ¯ve, to say the least. Developed countries have a responsibility to the less developed countries to offer fair aid to these countries, so that they might be allowed to govern themselves, from a level playing field, towards sustained economic development. References Cheema, G.S. (2005). Building democratic institutions: governance reform in developing countries. Kumarian Press. Darga, L.A. (1997). Governance and economic development in Africa. Available https://www.unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/ public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN008715.pdf [28th October 2007]. Jreist, J.E. (2001). Governance and developing countries. Brill. Pang, G. (2005). Efficiency of public spending in developing countries: an efficiency frontier approach. World Bank Policy Research Paper No. 3645. Pitt, A. (2005). New forms of governance: the role of the World Bank and civil society in Argentina. Thesis, Oxford Brookes University. Smith, B. (2007). Good governance and development. Palgrave Macmillan. Solimano, A. (2000). Essays on Conflict, Peace, and Development: Colombia (Conflict Prevention and Post-Conflict Reconstruction). World Bank Publications. Van de Sijpe, N. and Rayp, G. (2004). Measuring and explaining government inefficiency in developing countries. Working Paper of the University of Ghent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "College essay topics to write about Ability" essay for you Create order

Summary Of 12 Years A Slave By Solomon Northup Essay

Before the Reconstruction which took place after the Civil War, many slaves began to acquire their freedom by many things, including escaping plantations, buying their freedom, or being granted freedom from their former owners. Once slaves entered the North, they were able to finally be seen as a free African American. The thing that scared African Americans the most, frequently happened, being sent back to the South into slavery. 12 Years a Slave by Solomon Northup gives a recap of how his life, filled with joy and freedom one day, became a living nightmare the next. Northup, a self-taught, master violin player is fooled into traveling with â€Å"gentlemen† to share his talents for a small fortune. Leaving his family behind, he decides to go with the men and once he reaches New York City, the men convince Northup to travel to Washington D.C. Solomon soon began feeling sick and one day wakes up chained in a cell. Next thing he knows, he is being sold into slavery. He lives a l ife of a slave for twelve years until he is rescued by Henry B. Northup, who saves Solomon while he was working in the field. Once back in his own home, Solomon writes an autobiography of his experiences. After many decades, a historical movie retelling Solomon’s autobiography was released. Throughout the movie, many differences are present. For example, the wife of Solomon’s master was portrayed to be an evil woman in the movie, but in the book not so evil. Another example is while slaves did not fight backShow MoreRelatedSummary Of 12 Years A Slave By Solomon Northup946 Words   |  4 Pages12 Years a Slave 12 Years a Slave by Solomon Northup is the true story of the author, a free black man, being abduction from his home in N.Y and sold as a slave down south in Louisiana. Torn from his family and friends, Solomon Northup endured the cruelties of slavery for twelve years before being returned to freedom through the help of a sympathetic abolitionist. Told in first person narrative, Solomon Northup makes clear on the first page of the book his intentions. â€Å"My object is, to give a candidRead MoreAnalysis Of Django Unchained And 12 Years A Slave1543 Words   |  7 Pagesmovie Django Unchained and how it took a somewhat satirical approach on slavery and how slaves were treated in the 19th century. But when I saw 12 Years a Slave, and how it took a more serious approach on how slavery was in the 19th century. There were a lot of compare and contrasts that came up as I finished watching both films. So nonetheless, this is a double feature analysis on Django Unchained and 12 Years a Sla ve. Here I will summarize and discuss about the two movies and how they’ve impacted meRead MoreJehovah s Witnesses During The Nazi Regime1258 Words   |  6 Pagesanother group of people that were violated of their human rights, 19th century slaves. These slaves were required to labor and suffer pain in the South, but some of these slaves were actually free black men from the northern states (where slavery was illegal) who had been lured into the southern states (where slavery was legal and encouraged) like Solomon Northup was a victim to this scam. Jehovah’s Witnesses and slaves were persecuted in a homogeneous manner, in a sense that both groups were torturedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 12 Years A Slave By Steve Mcqueen1396 Words   |  6 Pages The movie 12 Years a Slave, directed by Steve McQueen, depicts a free black man, Solomon Northup, from New York who was drugged and kidnapped in order to be sold into slavery in the pre-Civil War South. The movie is fil led with powerful scenes and moments of tension that portray the cruel, gruesome years that millions of slaves experienced. For the next twelve years of Solomon’s life, the movie illustrates how he became a piece of property under several different masters. Solomon spent the bulkRead MoreAfrican American Studies4176 Words   |  17 PagesVictoria Braden Jasmine Sullivan AAAS 2000 23 April 14 1.) In chapter 1, Black women slaves were defined as either a â€Å"jezebel† or â€Å"mammy†. In detail define the characteristics of a â€Å"jezebel† and â€Å"mammy†. Why were black women defined in these two extreme ways? By contrast, how were Southern white women characterized? * One of the most standout images of black women in white slavery America was of a woman who ran entirely off of her sex drive, a Jezebel. A jezebel was considered to be

Children of Men Film Free Essays

Children Of Men. â€Å"Children of Men† Directed by Alfonso Cuaron. Is set in the year 2027, in a chaotic world in which humans can no longer procreate, Theo Faron a former activist, agrees to help transport a miraculously pregnant woman, Named Kee, to a sanctuary located out at sea, where her child’s birth could help scientists save mankind. We will write a custom essay sample on Children of Men Film or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the film Children of Men, there are many crucial scenes to help convey the idea of the film, however I find one of these scenes particularly important; namely the apartment scene. In this scene Theo is being driven through the streets of London to the Ark Of Arts to visit his cousin Nigel. The director uses a number of techniques to help portray the themes and ideas, such as music, setting, lighting and mise-en-scene. During the apartment scene, the song â€Å"The Court Of the Crimson King† by King Crimson is playing in the background; The lyrics in this song help portray the idea of mankind’s demise. Crimson is the colour ascribed to someone who is furious, for example how God must feel toward mankind for its sins. But the wise never refer to God directly, for it seems nutty and conjectured. Instead they refer to God’s ordained agents, in this age personified as crimson-seated monarch. All the diabolical-sounding protests at the beginning of the sequence is bone-chilling with detail of various biblical verses predicting the end of the world. It implies that infertility is God’s punishment for man’s sins as humanity approaches the grand finale. I. e. the final coming to a head culmination of the human saga. Also during this scene the lighting plays a significant role in creating the mood which the audience feel. It directs the viewer to what the character is feeling, drawing the viewer into the film. The scene starts with Theo being driven though the busy and crowded streets of London, full of cars, people and protesters. The weather throughout the first part of the scene is quite cloudy emphasising the dim mood in the scene. It is quite dark and gloomy, this helps portray the connection to the depression throughout the country due to the infertility. The images and lighting are similar to images that record the suffering of people during the depression of the 1930s. However, inside the park the weather starts to brighten making everything look lush and vibrant. It seems absurd to see such a strong contrast after passing through the imperial gates. This brings to mind the saying â€Å"The grass is always greener on the other side† This helps to show how the members of the public see this part of London as a desired thing and that everything is better, but this saying usually ends up being false; these people still live in the same world, it is all an illusion, Further on in the scene Theo says to his cousin Nigel, â€Å"A hundred years from now, there won’t be one single sad f**k to look at any of this (meaning his apartment). What keeps you going? † To which Nigel replies â€Å"You know what it is, Theo? I just don’t think about it†. He is just ignoring the inevitable. Mise-en-scene creates a shocking impact as the viewer draws on their prior knowledge to make connections to the symbols revealed in this sequence. As Theo crosses the bridge to the Ark of Arts, above the Battersea power station, you can see a floating pig, reminiscent of Pink Floyd’s album cover for â€Å"Animals†. As Theo enters the court in the background, you can see a painting of two policemen kissing which is quite a famous piece by the street artist Banksy. After Theo enters the apartment he is greeted by his cousin Nigel. Behind him is the Statue Of David and two dogs in front of it. The Statue of David represents civil rights and the two dogs represent guards or loyalty, But with the dogs in front of The Statue Of David, This represents, Guarding the people, Or keeping the people from their rights. The scene then cuts to Theo, Nigel and his handicapped son sitting at a dinner table and behind Theo on the wall is a large painting by world famous Pablo Piccaso, The painting is called â€Å"Guernica† it was created in response to the bombing of Guernica, Basque country, by German and Italian war planes. Guernica shows the tragedies of war and the suffering it inflicts upon individuals, particularly innocent civilians. This work has gained a monumental status, becoming a perpetrated reminder of the tragedies of war, an anti-war symbol and an embodiment of peace. The presences of Banksy, Michelangelo and Picasso artwork help portray the thoughts of society, as these entire artist stands for, peace, civil rights and anti-establishmentarianism. Near the end of this scene Theo and Nigel are talking by the window and behind them you can see again the floating pig. Having this floating pig is very symbolic using another saying â€Å"pigs will fly†. This presumably will never happen, a metaphor for being impossible like making plans to touch the sun at night, but having an actual floating pig represents how ‘Pigs Will Fly’ and hope is not lost when it comes to the infertility of mankind. Using the four techniques, Music, Setting, Lighting and Mise-en-scene, the director has successfully brought the viewers into the movie to experience it as he intended us to, which is to challenge our beliefs of how our world functions. Even just in this one scene there is so much to understand other than just watching the film, but the ideas of the story hidden in plain sight challenging the viewer to read further into the movie and the issues it highlights. Written by Matthew Puterangi. How to cite Children of Men Film, Papers

Ethical Theories and Its Issue Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Theories and Its Issue. Answer: Introduction: The implementation of ICT systems and automation of workforce in organizations have created profound concerns for the employment of humans and have been highlighted in majority of media sources. The identification of the case studies of companies such as Foxconn, Amazon and examples of small scale organizations and a critical review of the different cases from the perspective of classical ethical theories such as Deontology, Utilitarianism, Contract theory and Virtue theory. Despite the wide uproar in the media over replacement of human jobs by artificial intelligence, there have been substantial criticisms that point towards the minimal impact of automation on downsizing and reforms in employment (Dekker, Salomons Waal, 2017). As per Hammond, the discussion on the ethical issues from the perspectives of the ethical theories would provide viable insights into the credibility of the decisions identified in the different case studies. Furthermore, the outcomes of reviewing ethical issues could also be helpful for drawing justifiable and logical conclusions necessary for resolution of ethical issues. The big question to be resolved in context of this assignment is, Are AI and robots a threat to human employment? Some of the common ethical issues which are observed in context of ICT applications include references to privacy, ICT professionalism, intellectual property, community and identity, social inclusion, cyber-crime, security and employment (Hammond, 2017). Employment could be perceived as a major ethical issue in context of the case study due to the application of robots and artificial intelligence for automation of human tasks (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). The ethical issue pertaining to employment could be reviewed from the perspective of the four theories in order to determine the rightfulness or wrongfulness of the action of employing robots. Deontological theory Deontological theory suggests that actions should be guided by moral obligations and the impact of categorical imperatives can be perceived clearly in the case of this theory. The categorical imperatives identified in the ethical theory of deontology include the formulation of universality and formulation of humanity. The imperative of universality is directed towards the assumption that a particular action or principle of action followed by an individual could be assumed as a general rule without contradiction that. The general rule implies that similar actions could be validated in the case of similar scenarios (Kant Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course Philosophy, 2017). The ethical concerns of employment identified as a response to the automation of human work processes with AI and robots could be reviewed from the perspective of the formulation of universality that preferences of one organization for automation of its complete workforce could lead to establishment of benchmarks for other organizations to lay off their workforce. However, this can be contradicted on the grounds of formulation of humanity involved as a categorical imperative in deontology. As per Hammond, the formulation of humanity refers to the factor that humans cannot be used as mere means and can be used only as means to accomplish something. Therefore, organizations with the intentions to replace their human workforce with robots and AI should emphasize on the factor that employees could be assumed as mere means when replaced with AI and robots (Hammond, 2017). Another prominent perspective that can be drawn forward from the critical reflection on deontological theory reflects on the prospects of humans becoming mere means in context of employment due to the large scale employment of robots and artificial intelligence. Utilitarian theory: The issue of employment identified from the case study could also be reviewed from the perspective of utilitarianism which is also accounted as a profound ethical theory. The principle of utilitarianism is based on the fact that actions are measured on the grounds of pleasure produced by the action. However, the classification of utilitarianism into different forms such as act utilitarianism which could be observed on the grounds of morality of actions is determined by the measurement of good actions that bring good outcomes for a greater number of people (Osawa et al., 2017). On the other hand, the rule utilitarianism accounted for a wider exposition on the ethical theory of utilitarianism which emphasizes on adhering to certain precedents which lead to the most favourable outcomes for the higher number of individuals possible (Utilitarianism: Crash Course Philosophy, 2017). Therefore on the grounds of act utilitarianism, the employment of AI and robots improves the productivity of the organization and leads to favourable outcomes for a large share of employees in the organization. However, the concerns of the employees that lose their jobs due to this initiative should also be taken into concern for determining morality of actions. Therefore rule based utilitarianism could be applied in the case of ethical issue of employment to reflect on the measures for relocation of the replaced employees (Trevino Nelson, 2016). Virtue theory The application of the virtue theory for analyzing the case of probabilities for extinction of human employment due to the large scale introduction of robots and AI for automating human work processes could also be a viable opportunity to identify recommendations for improvement. The profound implication of virtue theory could be observed in the terms of humans as pursuers of virtuousness (Aristotle Virtue Theory: Crash Course Philosophy, 2017). According to West, the definition of virtue theory is guided by the objective of Eudemonia which can be depicted as a state where an individual accomplishes a sense of self-achievement. The application of virtue theory in the case of concerns raised over human unemployment due to automation could be a feasible contributor to the resolution of concerns of unemployment anticipated by humans (West, 2015). The different sectors where employment could be subject to risks include references to the ability of humans and the inherent desire to acquire a flourishing life which would enable them to retrain themselves in different skills. The motivation for accomplishing basic needs as well as realizing basic social requirements could also imply refraining from automation of tasks which are required inherently to establish social contact (Osawa et al., 2017). Therefore, the ethical issues anticipated in context of human employment could be addressed through observing precedents of the virtue theory. Examples of companies which have ensured flexible growth in inclusion of AI and robots in the workforce alongside ensuring substantial improvement in the human workforce indicate that efforts for retraining of human workforce would reduce the concerns of complete decimation of human employment in the coming years. Contract Theory The issue of employment is observed as a major ethical dilemma in context of the case study of implementing AI and robots in modern workforce. It could also be reviewed from the perspective of contract theory which suggests the presence of contracts to ensure that specific agreements are made to validate morality of actions. The application of contract theory in resolution of the ethical issue related to employment of AI and robots could be adopted by organizations in which they could provide contracts to human employees citing relocation incentives or retraining and placement opportunities for them (Contractarianism: Crash Course Philosophy, 2017). The prospects for realizing the application of contract theory feasibly in the case of the ethical issue of employment for humans in event of the large scale automation initiatives could be validated on the grounds of trust between the parties in the contract which ensures that employees are able to appreciate the inclusion of robots in the workplace as a reduction of their workload (Dekker, Salomons Waal, 2017). The contract theory could also be utilized for developing trust of employees in the automation initiatives on the grounds of opportunities for accomplishing complex objectives rather than working on redundant and repetitive tasks. Conclusion: The review of the case study of large scale employment of robots and AI in contemporary industrial and service based functions provided credible insights into the ethical issue related to human employment. The review was supported by references to four prominent ethical theories which were subsequently helpful for drawing recommendations for resolving the ethical dilemma. References Aristotle Virtue Theory: Crash Course Philosophy #38. (2017). YouTube. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrvtOWEXDIQ Contractarianism: Crash Course Philosophy #37. (2017). YouTube. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Co6pNvd9mc Dekker, F., Salomons, A., Waal, J. V. D. (2017). Fear of robots at work: the role of economic self-interest. Socio-Economic Review, mwx005. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015). Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Hammond, R. (2017). A Future Without Work? A.I. Robots and Employment. Kant Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course Philosophy #35. (2017). YouTube. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bIys6JoEDw Osawa, H., Ema, A., Hattori, H., Akiya, N., Kanzaki, N., Kubo, A., ... Ichise, R. (2017, March). What is Real Risk and Benefit on Work with Robots?: From the Analysis of a Robot Hotel. In Proceedings of the Companion of the 2017 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (pp. 241-242). ACM. Trevino, L. K., Nelson, K. A. (2016). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Utilitarianism: Crash Course Philosophy #36. (2017). YouTube. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a739VjqdSI West, D. M. (2015). What happens if robots take the jobs? The impact of emerging technologies on employment and public policy. Centre for Technology Innovation at Brookings, Washington DC.

History of Thanksgiving

Misconceptions in Thanksgiving Thanksgiving was first introduced in the American society in 1637 by the Massachusetts Bay Colony Governor referred to as Winthrop. However, thanksgiving was practiced by the American Natives even before 1637. To many American scholars, thanksgiving is a very old concept that was practiced even before it was made a public holiday. One of the fallacies is that it is linked to the American Indian populace. It is usually linked to the legendary Indians and Pilgrim myth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Thanksgiving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One fact is that thanksgiving is plays an important role in the enrichment of the American culture and history. However, it is inaccurate to associate it with the Indian people because it was practiced even by other American Natives. Associating it with Indians is distorting the American history because the reality is that it did no t start as a great affectionate relationship between the pilgrims and the Wampanoag, Pequot, and Narragansett. History shows that the Pilgrim survivors of 1621 celebrated the thanksgiving ceremony without even inviting the Indians. They did not incorporate turkey and pumpkin pie into their diet since the ingredients were non-existent. When the ceremony was being conducted, the officials ensured that a wall was erected to keep off Indians from attending the party. The Governor of Massachusetts arranged for a thanksgiving celebration to commemorate the return of the soldiers who had been deployed in Connecticut to defend the colony (Bradford 78). The soldiers had been sent to Connecticut with clear instructions to exterminate over seven-hundred men, women, and children from Pequot community. Separating Facts from Fiction Scholars identify four reasons why thanksgiving is a subject of contention in the American society. To understand thanksgiving as a ceremony, facts ought to be separa ted from fiction. History scholars have really tried to separate facts from fiction as regards to thanksgiving ceremony. It is fictional to believe that the Pilgrims held the first thanksgiving ceremony. In the American educational system, children literature shows that thanksgiving as a subject cannot be explored without mentioning Indians and Pilgrims. However, this is not true because thanksgiving was first celebrated by other native communities without even inviting the Indians. The first real thanksgiving ceremony was held at St. Augustine area before 1600. Each community had its own way of celebrating or thanking their maker. History attributes thanksgiving to Indians, which is not true. When other communities arrived in the US safely, they organized for various parties to thank their God for leading them wisely. For instance, the Green Corn Ceremony of the Cherokee is believed to have taken place before the thanksgiving celebration. The community thanked their maker for givin g them good crops each harvesting season. It is unnecessary for children to make tall paper hats and cardboard shoe buckles to commemorate the achievements of their forefathers yet there are other means through which they could appreciate the efforts of their forefathers.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also fictional to believe that thanksgiving ceremony has a specified dressing code. People are meant to believe that a bunch of dour, black and buckle cloths were worn during the party. In the paintings provided in the 17th century, it is evident that special cloths were made for the elites to be used during the celebration. However, this does not mean that the poor were excluded from the celebrations since they were allowed to attend the party with cloths of their choice. It is fictional to believe that thanksgiving ceremony is a party to be held every year. Thanksgiving is a cere mony that should be arranged any time of the year, as long as an individual feels that he or she has achieved something. The ceremony was actually meant for religious celebrations to thank God for enabling the natives to achieve their ambitions. In the modern world, the ceremony is misused because people use it as a leisure event. In the 18th century, states in the US celebrated thanksgiving holiday without necessarily waiting for the end of the year. After the American Civil War, the president, Abraham Lincoln, decided to come up with a federal date to commemorate thanksgiving holiday since the nation was highly divided. The holiday served the purpose of uniting Americans who were divided on racial lines. In 1939 to 1941, the celebrations were extended in order to help the country recover from the consequences of The Great Depression. Finally, it is fictional to believe that the Pilgrims ate turkey at the first thanksgiving ceremony. In the current society, many Americans incorpora te the turkey in their meals during the ceremony believing that it was first used during the ceremony. Turkey was not even popular among the Native Americans so it could not be the main meal at the time. Real Story of the Thanksgiving Thanksgiving is a public holiday celebrated in the United States each fourth day of November. The day has been celebrated from 1863, after the American Civil War. It is celebrated to remember the men and women who perished in the war. The president instructed that the day be remembered because very many Americans lost their lives while fighting for freedom. The holiday is a federal holiday meaning that it is celebrated by all races in the country. However, the holiday traces its roots in the celebrations conducted by Pilgrims in 1621, especially during harvests. In its original nature, the celebrations lasted for at least three days. Moreover, it was supposed to be attended by the fifty-three Pilgrims and at least ninety-three Native Americans.Advertis ing We will write a custom essay sample on History of Thanksgiving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thanksgiving was specifically meant to thank God for the power he provided to the colonists. Colonists could converge every time they succeeded in war. Others would express their sincere thanks after a calamity such as drought. Among the Native Americans, the celebrations were religious because it was believed that God had done a lot to the lives of people. The celebration was first held as an impromptu religious ceremony, but it was made a civil tradition in the preceding years. Comparison between Truth and Fiction regarding Thanksgiving in the History of America While some scholars observe that the first thanksgiving ceremony was conducted by Indians, the truth is that it existed even before the Indians migrated to America. It is true that the first thanksgiving ceremony took place in 1598, twenty-three years before the Pilgrim f estival was celebrated. The first thanksgiving ceremony was conducted by a Spanish explorer who led his people through the Mexican dessert for several years. Another fiction regarding the thanksgiving ceremony is that it was held in 1619 by the English settlers. The truth is that the London based company sponsored the Englishmen to celebrate the arrival of the ship that was carrying valuable goods. Many people believe that thanksgiving is a ceremony that is related to the family. An individual should consider thanksgiving a Pilgrim festival because it was a religious event. In this regard, it cannot be a family issue given the fact that family members need not to belong to a single religious group. The Pilgrims invited Indians to take part in the celebrations because it was a multicultural event. The paintings of Norman Rockwell tend to mislead people to believe that thanksgiving is about eating and sharing with family members. Even though historians claim that thanksgiving was a re ligious event, it was not strictly practiced by those subscribing to the Indian religion alone. In other words, it was a communal affair because other communities subscribing to different religious teachings were also invited. However, the fact remains that it was partly a religious event, but not a family affair. There is a popular myth that Pilgrims ate turkey during the thanksgiving ceremony. This is not true because turkey was not readily available in society. Pilgrims did not have apples, pears, and potatoes because these were foreign foods. It is accurate to claim that pilgrims ate deer because it was readily available. Before the 17th century, the log cabin had never appeared in the United States. However, it is claimed that Pilgrims lived in these log cabins (Love 67). The writings of various scholars suggest that Pilgrims wore black clothes, yet the reality is that they did not even dress in funny buckles. Another reality is that Pilgrims were not similar in any way with th e Puritans. Many people, including President Ronald Reagan, confused this fact.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Bradford, William. History of Plymouth Plantation. Boston: Little Brown and Co, 1856. Print. Bradford, William. Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952. Print. Love, William. The Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co, 1895. Print. This essay on History of Thanksgiving was written and submitted by user Trevor A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Words in the Struct Family

Words in the Struct Family Words in the Struct Family Words in the Struct Family By Mark Nichol The Latin source of the element struct, the basis of structure and other words pertaining to literal and figurative building and unbuilding, is also the root of a couple of unexpected words. The root word in common is struere, meaning â€Å"arrange,† â€Å"build,† or â€Å"pile.† Words based on structure, which functions both as a noun meaning â€Å"building† or â€Å"something constructed† and as a verb meaning â€Å"build† or â€Å"organize,† include the adjectives structural and structured, the adverb structurally, and the noun structuralism, which pertains to several distinct methods or movements in anthropology, linguistics, and psychology. (The rare noun structuration pertains more pragmatically to the interrelationship of components.) From the latter word comes the forms structuralist, structuralization, structuralize, structuralized, and structuralistically. Words consisting of a prefix attached to struct and the element -ion include construction and its antonym destruction, as well as instruction and obstruction. The qualitative adjectival forms for these words replace -ion with -ive (instruction also has a quantitative adjectival form ending in -al), and the adverbial forms append -ly. Noun forms pertaining to the quality of the construction, destruction, instruction, or obstruction attach -ness to the adjectival form. Alone among the four terms, destruction has an irregular verb: destroy (from the Old French verb destruire). One who destroys is a destroyer, but that word typically refers not to a person but to a thing- a particular type of warship, originally called a torpedo boat destroyer. (There is also a type called a destroyer escort, designed to protect other vessels against submarines.) The verb destruct was introduced by back-formation a few hundred years ago but has died out except in rocketry (referring to deliberate destruction of a malfunctioning launched rocket) and in the related terms auto-destruct and self-destruct, which are synonyms. Construct, instruct, and obstruct are the verb forms for the other words. The capacity of something to be constructed, destroyed, or instructed is described with constructability (and its adjectival form constructable) and so on, although the spelling of destruct’s appendages are -ible and -ibility; obstruct did not acquire these forms with either spelling. (In addition, of the four nouns and adjectives, only those based on destruct have antonyms formed by adding the prefix in-.) The noun form instructor is common, but the equivalents for the other three words are rare. The suffixes -ist and -ism, meanwhile, can be applied to construction and the equivalent nouns to refer to various philosophies. In computer technology, the terms macroinstruction and microinstruction refer to multiple or single instructions for coding; the former term is abbreviated to macro, but micro does not seem to have been adopted to apply to the latter term. Two words whose kinship with the struct family is not immediately apparent are construe (from the Latin term construere, meaning â€Å"relate grammatically†), which means â€Å"make clear† or â€Å"interpret,† and misconstrue, which means â€Å"misunderstand† and is therefore not an antonym. Construable describes something that can be construed, and construal is the act of construing something. (Misconstrue has equivalent forms.) A term with an even more effective disguise is industry, which in its Latin form, indostruus, means â€Å"diligent† but now usually pertains to labor applied to the creation of products or to classes of businesses (such as the motion picture industry) with products in common. The adjectives industrial and industrious differ in that the former, in the sense of â€Å"manufacturing,† is neutral and the latter refers, in the sense of â€Å"diligence,† to the quality of industry. Either form takes the adverbial ending -ly, but only the latter is the basis of a noun ending in -ness. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'ts50 Latin Phrases You Should Know30 Words Invented by Shakespeare

How live chat works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How live chat works - Essay Example Since the modern trend of faster the better, the consumer are also looking for answers to their questions and looking for them fast. The rise of the Internet have amplified this impatience. Live chat provides an immediate response right where the consumers are, no picking up the phone, no waiting for an email.   In addition, live chat provides the two way interaction that ensures a consumer’s question has been answered properly and to the full degree ().   This type of speed and accuracy is driving customers back to live chat time and time again. This reports presents the attractive features in modern Live Chat based on service providers such as www.livechatinc.com and www.websitealive.com chat service providers(livechatinc, websitealive). Today’s Live Chat has gone beyond receiving a simple message and responding it with a another simple message. Anyone can add Live Chat to their website by just adding a simple coding segment to the existing script. Once the code is placed in a appropriate place in your website it provides an attractive chat invitation with a link. The client side chat window provides a user friendly interface where anyone can start interacting without any training. The client side window the agent information with chat session, conversation details such as Chat transcript, alerts and notifications, toolbar, and a typing indicator for both the agent and visitor to know when the other is typing the message. The agent window provides the interface for an agent at the company side to interact with the customer and provide solution for their needs. Apart from feature common to client side chat window the agent is given the option to interact with multiple clients with their details through tabs wh ere the agent can add a customer, transfer the customer to another agent, and create a conference or stop the chat. Apart from its primary function a range of other management feature are also provided. One of the exiting

Internet Exercise Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internet Exercise - Assignment Example ired state) and, at the same time, are health conscious and do not prefer putting on additional calories by eating meals from fast food chains(the desired state) (Kraft Foods Global, 2012). The problem, therefore, is individuals who have difficulty in arriving at ideas on what to cook (the actual state) and how as well as customers who are looking for particular tips on how to cook a particular meal (the desired state). These individuals prefer to cook themselves (to avoid the weight gain that comes from fast food products), however, they are pressed for time and therefore want easy to cook recipes. Another area of problem recognition is that this ad indirectly also focuses on customers who want to cook their family favorites, perhaps on a weekend (or Sundays), and who do not prefer going out to restaurants for the same. Problem recognition is triggered also by the fact that it is meant for those customers who are looking for quick recipes to entertain their guests for a lunch or hi- tea. Upon reading this magazine, customers hope to find remedies to their problem in the form of the recipes and tips provided in the magazine for particular meals. By clicking on this ad, customers are directed to immediate subscription via payment through a variety of online options (Kraft Foods Global, 2012). Hence, by just a few clicks, customers get access to their favorite magazine without having to go and buy it physically from a store. As far as company advertisements are concerned, I have been fascinated by the cutting edge technology that Apple offers. The ad that triggered problem recognition is that of MacBook Pro with Retina Display featured on Apple’s website (Appendix 2). In this case the problem recognition has arisen out of opportunity recognition where the desired state was enhanced due to changing circumstances in life and career. Owing to progress in academic and professional life I have been inclined to use high-tech gadgets that enable me (and customers like me)

Final Project Milestone Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Project Milestone - Assignment Example This painting illustrated the difficult childhood life of an isolated, young, black, Bermudian male. Another painting, mixed media on canvas, referred to as the Trickle Down Economy, 2012, also caught my eye. This interesting art piece was a representation of plants on the ocean rocks dependent on rain and sun for their survival. This was symbolic as most Bermudians are dependent on outside sources-international business and tourism-for their survival. The most interesting art piece, apart from the ones mentioned above, was the mosaic sculpture, Frozen Time, done by Jackie Stevenson. This sculpture illustrates one of Bermuda’s exotic fish species, the parrot fish, which is the most colorful reef fish. The medium of mosaic used in this sculpture has in some way, brought to shore, the magic, the colorfulness and the inspiring nature of the fish. In her work, the Frozen Time sculptor piece, Jackie Stevenson curves out Bermuda’s famous, exotic fish, the parrot fish-red reef fish. In this art work, Jackie Stevenson uses small square pieces of glass of various colors as the sculpture’s motif. Jackie Stevenson uses white, green, blue, and clear pebbles to design the fish’s tail. ... It is worth noting that, in the sculptor, the white pebbles are dominant as opposed to the clear, green and light-blue pebbles used in designing the fish tail. The artist uses mirror-like, square piece to decorate the wing of the parrot fish. Using white, sand-like substance, Jackie Stevenson, designs the fishes mouth. This substance is tightly packed on the external surface to create a parrot-like beak just as that of a real parrot fish. It is clear that, Jackie Stevenson first curved the parrot fish using stone or concrete and later, mounts the multi-colored glass-like pieces and pebbles to illustrate the color pattern exhibited by real parrot fish. This sculpture is close to 40 cm in length just as the size of the majority of parrot fish in real life. It is amazing how Jackie Stevenson has managed to illustrate the color pattern of this magnificent, high catching fish-parrot fish. However, there are critical question that arise with regards to how the artist has mixed various colo rs (Martin & Jacobus, 2011). Around the head and the mouth of the fish, the artist uses more green, and shades of green marble-like pieces and thus making the head area more green. This can be explained by the fact that, most parrot fish species have a green colored head, and as such, Jackie Stevenson aim might have been to illustrate the most popular type of parrot fish, the green hump head parrotfish, which are known to live in reefs since they feed mostly feed on corals. As noted earlier, the choice of using tightly packed, white, sand-like substance for the design of the fish mouth is to create a parrot-like beak just as that of a real parrot fish. Jackie Stevenson uses a wooden

Interdependence Australian Government

Interdependence Australian Government States usually form interdependent governments for so many reasons. For this case, Asian and Australian interdependence is to provide security to these countries and also in other areas say in the global markets. The military defense in the Asian country has had a wide impact to the Australian government. It is due to this interdependence that Australian government has been in a position to demonstrate peace in most of its activities. This is because of the strong relationship it has with the Asian military and its through Military Corporation that a country can be in a position to understand the other countries culture hence leading to solving of so many problems which are associated with crimes. The Asian regions past economic growth afforded opportunities for increased defense spending and also military modernization. Asia is the worlds sixth largest armed forces in that region. Its argued that many Asian governments embarked on military modernization programs during the early 90s .It is due to the strong military defense in Asia whereby the Australia government formed an interdependence with this government to ensure that it has helped this country to solve most of the upheaval associated with political and economic differences. (Bowles, 2001). Australia is one of the regions which are undergoing profound transformation or even changes and these changes are challenging the value and the relevance of its old ideas and structures. So due to this case, the government has an approach of emerging Asian -pacific security landscape. It is due to the break of the Soviet Union which provides a unique opportunity in order to build a new regional security architecture that is within the Asian pacific region. This new security architecture will inevitably take in to account the Asian culture which are said to be different from the Australian culture. So in this case, the interdependence will incorporate the principle of consensus and also less formalized defense arrangements. (Bowles, 2001). Given that the economic crisis has enlightened the importance of transparency and good governance, the Asian military defense reforms is especially pertinent. Its through this interdependence which has led to the promotion of professionalism, efficiency and also effectiveness which is offered by the Australian military defense. The Asian military defense offers an international military education and also training to the Austrian military defense. It is due to this corporation that the Australian military defense is in a position to overcome most of the economic crisis which occur in to that country. In fact, it has also been argued that the restrictions on the Asian and Australian engagement helped encourage the various use of unprofessional methods among the hard bitten factional within its military. It is due to this that the Australian military defense uses the professional military forces tactics to fight back crimes which might occur in that country and also in establishing of peace. It is in this corporation whereby the military defense helps to transfer technology to this country. As a result, it can use this technology to adverse it to its military defense hence making this country to be in a position to overcome any political or even economic upheavals. The military army also ensures that no transfer of destabilizing weapons to this country which might affect international peace. It is due to this fact that the military defense has taken the initiative to ensure that there in peace in this country. (Bowles, 2001). Another contribution is that the Australian military defense can get cheaper weapons from this country. It is one of the suppliers of weapons and hence it contributes to the Australian government through the sale of these weapons. It is these weapons whereby this government can also use for security purposes. (Arnet, 1997). The Australian military has also been in a position to adjust to the economic crisis and other crisis through resizing, reshaping and also timing of its peacetime military to military engagement activities. It has also ensured a security umbrella to this country and has also helped to stabilize the region and this has been achieved through watching the store while the various economic conditions are reformed. It is due to this military defense that the Australian government has been in a position to control the various crimes which occur in that country and also in stabilizing the economy. (Arnet, 1997). During the times of upheavals which might be political, economical, social and also religious, the Asian military defense is seen to demonstrate its support to ensure that all these upheavals have been calmed. It demonstrates political military and economic support incase these upheavals happen. Hence this is seen as a good contribution to the economy of Australia since it performs it economic activities with no crisis. (Arnet, 1997). The sustained region growth is one of the things which is contributing to the Asian stability and hence the need for the Australia to form an interdependence with the Asians. One of the duties of the Australian government is to provide security and defense to its people. Its the role of the government to ensure that the military defense is in a position to respond in to a gangue of contingencies as well as robust capacity in order to deal with any military threats which might occur in to that country. Anticipating and meeting the various challenges to the Australian security has remained a demanding task to this country. It is due to the contributions by the Asian military defense which makes this country to ensure that there are no military threats to that country. It is due to the contribution of the Asian military defense that Australia is in a position to overcome any threats in to their country. It is quite clear that any threat or even invasion attempted in to that country, the Australian army would of course be compelled to resist it even if it would lead to great loss of peoples life and also the economic deprivation. (Binnendijk, 1996). The Australian defense also ensures that it has also protected the interests of their markets. It is due to the contribution by the Asian military defense that Australian military defense is in a position to ensure that market interests have been protected and no threats to this markets which might in turn affect the economic growth of this country. It is the role of the military defense to ensure that no smuggled goods are brought in to the country and that it ensures that its borders have been protected and hence no illegal importation or even transportation of goods takes place. As a result, you find that the markets interest have been met hence leading to economic growth of this country. (Binnendijk, 1996). The interdependence in this case is said to maintain a political influence in the region. This is because the Australian government sees that Asian military to be quite central to may political change in that region. So in this case, the military defense has an influence to the Australian government. This is because it helps that government to have a political stability. Political stability in the sense that it is in a position to overcome wars which might lead to a threat in that country. It uses the Asian army to help fight back any political instabilities which might lead to problems in that country. (Binnendijk, 1996). The Australian ruling class are also said to benefit from the occupation of the oil treaty which it signed with the Asian government. The Timor gap oil is one of the best deep water tunnels and is seen to have a strategic significance to the Australian navy. Having the access to this channel has been of significant impact to the Australian government since it has lead to the economic growth of this country. You find that the Australian navy has access to this channel and hence benefits a lot from it. (Johnson, 1996). It is due to this interdependence that these countries have been in a position to realize globalization. Globalization can be defined as the movement of goods and services from one country to another. The expanding web of interdependence between these two countries has lead to resolving of issues which are related with globalization. The military in this case helps to build a trust to overlay the conflict dampening effect of interdependence. The relationship between military and political relations among these countries continues to shift hence leading to greater security measures in these countries and in return great developments. It is globalization which has brought so many people and countries to trade together hence exposing these countries in to diversified threats which range from environmental threats to even terrorists threats. It is due to this interdependence that the military defense is in a position to overcome all these threats whenever they occur. Many countries have also found that they can not overcome the threats which are associated with globalization and hence need to form a coalition with other countries to ensure that the military defense in that country is in a position to overcome these threats. A good example is in the Australian and Asia interdependence whereby it contributes so much to the security of these countries. Incase of any security threats, the military defense for the two countries is in a position to overcome these threats effectively. (Johnson, 1996). The military corporation helps in shaping peace in these countries. It is due to military corporations that the military defense is in a position to fight crimes whenever they happen. For example the military corporation in the Asian and Australia has led to stability in that country. This is because the two military forces are joined together when fighting certain crimes say terrorists. Terrorists are good examples of criminal threats in so many countries. A good example is seen in the September 11, at the United States whereby it was bombed by terrorists. It is due to this problem that military forces form a coalition to ensure that all these problems do not occur in this case. So the Asian military defense has been seen as one of the major contributing factors to this country in ending the terrorists. The country has been in a position to live in peace since there are no any more threats which are associated with terrorists. (Johnson, 1996). The military role in defense is also seen to contribute to useful platforms for example is defense dialogues and interaction. The Asian military defense has been of paramount importance to the Austrian government due to this coalition. It has helped to serve as an additional channel for these countries to resolve their differences and also to clarify their misunderstanding. So in this case, the Asian military defense has helped the Australia to solve most of its problems since it has solved most of its differences with this military defense. The government is in a position to resolve disputes arising in that region help prevent miscalculations and also has entrenched a culture of peaceful resolutions of several problems brought as a result of differences which occur between countries. Another contribution by the Asian military defense to this country is transparency issue. This has led to transparency in the military defense of this country and hence can do its activities properly just like any other military defense. (Ross, 1999). In the general market, this interdependence has also led to security in these markets. You find that the Asian military defense can provide security in these markets. So the two countries can then trade effectively since there is protection and due to this coalition, you find that the Australian people can even export its products to the Asian country without any problem since there is a tight security by the military defense. As a result, you find that the economy of this country has grown since there is a ready market for its exports. Issues of trafficking and also the sale of smuggled goods have evaded since the military force ensures that the goods which are exported are not smuggled. The military defense also helps in peace keeping in this country. It ensures that there are no political or even economic conflicts which occur in to this country. It is due to this initiative that the Austrian people are in a position to live in peace without any fear. (Ross, 1999). Conclusion Asian-Australian interdependence has had so many impacts to their economies. It has both political and economic impacts. Australia participation in the illegal activities of the Bush administration led to its implication in some of the worst war crimes and this is since the World war 11 including the torture and also the slaughter of thousands of civilians in the indiscriminate bombing of Afghan and Iraqi town cities. It is by the contribution of the military defense in the Asian country which led to peace keeping during this scenario. For example the military defense in the Asian country has many impacts to the Austrian country. This is because it is this military defense which helps to ensure that there is peace and harmony and this country. In times of political upheavals, the military defense also helps to ensure that all these problems have been solved. Reference Bowles, N. (2001): The diplomacy of hope. The united nations since the cold war. World Federation of United Nations Association. Arnet, E. (1997): Military capacity and the risk of war. Oxford University Press. Binnendijk, H. (1996): U.S. strategic objectives in East Asia. Strategic Forum 68. Institute of national strategic studies. Johnson, D. (1996): Modernization of the PLA navy and East Asian Regional Security Issues. Journal of Public and International affairs. Ross, R. (1999): The geography of peace. East Asian in the twenty-first Century. International security.

Elegy to and Unfortunate Lady Essay -- essays papers

Elegy to and Unfortunate Lady In Alexander Pope’s poem â€Å"Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady,† Pope uses a great amount of war-like imagery to enhance his vision of the suicide described. He creates allies and enemies, weapons and invasions, as well as the gruesome death that only seems to come from war. These pieces add to the overall meaning of the work and the vision of the event that has occurred, giving the reader an image of a battle occurring. The first images of the war or battle are that of the victim of battle. Starting at line four and extending to line ten, I find that Pope is using a great amount of imagery to depict the woman’s wound and the fate upon which she has fallen. In line four he describes her wound in only three words â€Å"bleeding bosom gor’d,† but he then extends the depiction of her wound into how it was obtained. He describes the knife or the dagger that she must have used to kill herself with as a â€Å"sword†, which is something that would typically be found in battle rather than in the case of a suicide. He also brings in the theory of the ancient Roman justice system for not just war but any crime. It is much greater and braver to die by your own sword than by any other. She kills herself for the simple fact that in her eyes she must be punished for loving some one too much; however, her death is the start of the real war, between Pope and the society and family that abandoned her. Pope sides with the ghost in the poem and criticizes her family and society for her death. In line thirty he states clearly his great dislike for the uncle who he labels as â€Å"Thou, mean deserter of thy brother’s blood!† This is an apparent line drawn between what Pope believed should have occurred and w... ... else, at least through her father or uncle, but once she died, all of her titles, wealth, beauty and honor meant nothing. They are things that could not be carried with her in her death. The lines about her becoming a pile of dust also fit with the image of a soldier who has fallen in battle because she is a pile of dust, which â€Å"all the proud shall be†. Every proud soldier who dies what they believe in becomes a pile of dust just like the lady in the poem. The war imagery in Pope’s poem helps define and clarify the point of view Pope has on the even that has occurred. It also gives Pope a poetic platform on which to condemn the opposite side. He uses the imagery to describe the victim of war, the way death and battle are in war, and the opposing sides of this war and why they are battling; creating a new view of the woman’s suicide and her as a soldier for love.

Fulltec – Business Profile

PROFILE FULLTEC AG A Executive Summary Fulltec AG, Zug, Switzerland, was established in 1973 at Neuhausen am Rheinfall in Switzerland as a private limited company. The company has been taken over by Mr. Frank W. Bencsits in 2000 as the General Manager. He has been forming a fully new innovative R&D company for research and development of active natural substances for pest controlling (repellents as insecticides) since that time. Consequently the company’s activities mainly comprise R&D, but bio-insecticides and repellents are also produced and sold. Fulltec doesn’t sell its products under its own trademarks so far. The products are sold through thoroughly chosen international sales partners who resell under their own brand policies. As the results of intensive research, fully natural based active ingredients with highest activity and lowest toxicity were found in 2001. Fulltec is the patent holding company for these substances. Until 2005 most of the filed patents were granted in the EC and several overseas countries like USA, China, Hong Kong and Australia. In 2002 moved the company to its new modern site in Zug, Switzerland to expand and improve R&D and manufacturing. As these new natural based Active Substances don't have the broadly well-known negative characteristics shown by the common competitive synthetic products available on the market – above all regarding toxic effects – they will possibly completely change the way of pest control business in the near future. The inventions comprise different natural substances of two groups: Ingredients of the first group only repel and those of the second group kill and repel insects and acarides of all kinds. The main objective of Fulltec AG is to be a totally ecologically oriented company, developing and selling insecticide and repellent products containing exclusively natural based and lowtoxic active substances and ingredients. The Fulltec products are based on active ingredients obtained from natural sources by patented pure physical ways of extraction which the one group can effectively be used as Insect Repellent and the other group Insecticide. The production procedure of the active repelling ingredient consists of hydrating firstly under high pressure, followed by a vacuum and water steam treatment from natural oils and fruit acids; The insecticide actives are obtained by saturating of natural oils under comparable conditions. The range of possible applications is very wide, including but not limited to application on human, in the household, use for pets and other animals, as well as for plants. As a result, the available range of products is large and currently includes all possible methods of applications on pets, animals and human, e. g. Spray, Cream, Oil and Lotion as Insect Repellent, Lice Shampoo, Gel, Lotion and Cream, different variations for use against Dust Mites (prophylaxis and cure of Allergies! ) as well as Insecticides in all conceivable forms of application. In this regard Fulltec offers concentrates also, which have to be post processed by the customers as well as â€Å"ready for use formulations† of all products. The worldwide markets for Insect Repellents and Insecticides are enormous, in the size of Billions of Dollars. The Fulltec products have been and still are extensively tested, both inhouse and in-field as well as by independent laboratories, for both efficacy and tolerance. Existing patents and registrations are representing a barrier of entry to potential competitors. With the current trend very clearly pointing towards substitution of toxic products, the market potential for Fulltec must be considered excellent. Sales are and will be effected trough thoroughly selected business and sales partners with their own significant market presence in the respective fields and markets, which sell the products under their own brands and labels. Fulltec intends to continue with this strategy, as it allows a broader and faster international market penetration. Production currently is executed by selected and certified contractors. The production processes are explicitly specified and include st rict quality control. Current infrastructure allows significant production increases without additional costs/investment. Raw materials are available on the market at more than one manufacturer, with no significant dependence on a single source or market. Research & Development will concentrate on the further refining of existing products, on testing further possible applications for the existing products and research for new active ingredients and products. Fulltec AG is already a nicely profitable organization, but has not nearly reached its potential market appearance yet. All figures show that Fulltec only just started to penetrate some major markets, and will be able to show growth rates between 30 % and 60 % revenues each year for the whole planning period. Earnings are likely to grow even faster by a higher use of existing capacity. The further development of already served markets (with additional products and into additional retail channels) as well as the development of new geographical markets will be the main target of Fulltec AG business activities in the years to come. B – The Company Small Growth Company Profitable and financially sound Strong Growth Potential Discovered new natural Active Substances A Family of Products ready for the Markets Many Patents granted and pending Ready for substantial Market Penetration B. 1 History During the period of 2000 to 2002 extensive research was done by the R teams of Fulltec AG which led to the development of different new active ingredients with insecticide and repellent properties. Early in 2000 Fulltec AG changed its business focus from a purely trading agency to a patent holding company for products, applications and systems which cover insecticide and repellent properties – this means active ingredients and formulations including specific fields of applications. Repellents are used to repel insects, whereas insecticides have a lethal effect on such insects. Market introduction started in late 1999 with the launch of a former formulation of Repellent and a Household-Insecticide tested on the market by partially using new actives. Immediate success on the market has been achieved already with these temporary products due to the fact that a) the major shareholder and current Managing Director has great experience in the marketing of such products and therefore has extensive and valuable contacts in the industry, and b) the astonishing effectiveness of this natural product line. 2 B. 2 Current Situation The Present Board of Directors of the Fulltec Company consists of the following members: Urs O. Kraft (Chairman of the Board) Frank W. Bencsits Trustee and Tax Expert Managing Director Presently Fulltec AG has no permanent employees. So there are no liabilities in dispatches or payrolls. The business location of Fulltec is Zug, Switzerland (45-km outside Zurich). Research & Development is done in the specialized chemical and entomological laboratories in Austria. Production is carried out by beholden contractors under full control of Fulltec. B. 3 Strengths and Weaknesses The following mentioned strengths and weaknesses give an overview on the current situation of Fulltec. They will be elaborated on in more detail though in the following chapters. Strengths: Fulltec owns the one and only registration of Anti-Lice products as a Medical Device according Directive 93/42/EEC in the world. High Products Efficacy of the Repellents even under Hard Circumstances (Sweating, Swimming) All Products on Natural Basis Nigligible Toxicity to Humans, Animals and Plants Repellent has Passed the OECD Skin Absorption Test Repellent Capable of Avoiding Severe Diseases like Malaria, the West Nile Virus and the Tick-born diseases Encephalitis, Tularemie (Francisella tularensis), RockyMountains-Fever (Rickettsia richettsii), Theileriose (Tehileria spec. ) and LymeBorreliosis. Products provide high Added Value in Terms of Profit and Prestige to the Distributor High Market Share in Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Hungary French Partner with Best Connections to all French Influenced Countries Rocketed in 2005 in these Well Known Difficult Accessible Markets Attractive Industry Availability of Raw Materials from Various Sources Production at Low Costs, Little Manpower and in Production Units of Small Sizes High Flexibility in Organization, Production and Sales – no Long Term Treaties Competent Management and R Teams High Liquidity High Profitability Strong Financial Base – – Challenges: Still small Market Presence in USA, NAFTA, Asia and Southern Europe 3 – Market Penetration in far countries, like China, Japan, Australia and Hong Kong just started B. 4 Goals / Future Developments Fulltec, with its development of new technologies has an important impact in the industry. The company already gained recognition and a considerable world m arket share of 10 % for Household Insecticides and Repellents. A concentration on the most attractive markets with the best relative competitive situations will allow Fulltec to achieve strong further internal growth. Prime products will be the Repellent line and the Medical Device series of Anti-Lice products for human use, a line of Household-Insecticides and Pet Care products, and a newly developed product for use against Dust Mites. Annual growth rates in the range of 30 % to 60 % for revenues will be attainable under the current economical circumstances. Fulltec AG with its innovative technologies therefore appears as an attractive future partner for potential co-operations, joint ventures, etc. Strategically using such co-operations already allowed Fulltec to achieve market leadership in individual market segments, as the market leadership in sales of repellents in European Community Pharmacies. C Products / Technology Insect Repellents / Insecticides Broad Range of Use (Humans, Household, Indoor Plants, Gardens, Several Branches of Industry, Pets, Animals, Plants) Active Ingredients of Natural and Non-Toxic Base Significant Added Value for the Customer – C. 1 Product Description C. 1. 1 Active Ingredients / Substances Repellents The active repelling ingredients are produced under physical conditions only, e. g. by hydrating under high pressure, followed by several vacuum and water steam purifying processes of different natural oils and / or their natural grown main ingredients. They also could be obtained from semi-synthetically substitutes and fruit acids in the way of patented manufacturing procedures. The active substances used in all repellent products possess the same chemical characteristics independently of their target application on the human or animal skin. Only different concentrations and varying contents of actives and their special synergists are dependent on special requirements of various targets, regardless whether used in the form of sprays, creams, oils or lotions. C. 1. 2 Repelling Effect Pests are in a position to recognize suitable quarry as a result of the presence of so called â€Å"bio receptors†. These are for example (body-) temperature, humidity, CO2-content and certain chemical substances produced in small quantities by mammal skin metabolism processes, such as ammonia, butyric acid and urea. Conventional repellents cover up such bio receptors with a more or less effective aura. Therefore they are extremely limited in 4 their efficacy, as this aura of gas becomes rapidly perforated by friction from clothing, sweat and other external influences, which then leaves an open target for attack by pests. Patented Active of Fulltec products on the other hand finely covers the whole treated skin surface and influences and eliminates the bio-receptors by various mechanisms. These continuous reactions between Receptors and Active make the quarry invisible for the attacker (camouflage effect). This process continues until the Active is entirely exhausted (around 8-hours). As the active ingredient is water resistant, it keeps the full efficacy even during periods of sweating and short periods of swimming. In contrast to most competing products, especially to natural based products, efficacy remains at a very high level for well over eight hours. In contrast to DEET, the most widely used substance in traditional repellents, the skin tolerance of Fulltec's substance is excellent. Fulltec repellent has passed as only substance of its class the very rigorous measures of the well known OECD skin absorption test! The Fulltec products are negligible toxic for human beings and animals. C. 1. 2. 1 Active Ingredients / Substances Insecticides The active insecticide ingredients are obtained by saturation under high pressure, vacuum procedures and partially water steam amidizing from natural oils and plant extracts by a patented manufacturing procedure. Concentrations in different formulations are varying according to the use. C. 1. 2. 2 Insecticide Effect Fulltec Insecticide Actives coat the target insects and acarinas with a fine, oily film. The active substances penetrate through the respiratory openings and block them so that the insect dies within a very short time. In addition, a pronounced water displacement results in the quick and complete desiccation of the pest. Fulltec Insecticides are the one and only products in the sector of insecticide Actives with exclusively physical efficacy. Fulltec Insecticide Actives do not enable resistance build-up because of this natural and physical and completely new system of efficacy. Especially efficacy is not achieved by a nerve poisonous effect how it is the case for most traditional insecticides such as carbamates, phosphoorganics and pyrethrines, which always have more or less severe effects on humans and animals. The effects of Fulltec insecticides only occur in cold-blooded species, such as insects, spiders and mites (ticks). The substances have no negative toxicological effects on the warm-blooded humans and pets. Moreover the solely physical mechanism makes the buildup of resistances of any kind impossible. C. 1. 3. Toxicological Summary Acute oral toxicity : LD50 – > 10g/kg rat Acute dermal toxicity : LD50 – > 10g/kg rabbit Inhalational toxicity : no results, inhalation non poisonous Primary skin irritation : none irritating in patch test on rabbits and humans Mucous membranes tolerance: only slightly irritating in pure concentration Biological degradability : >90% BSB28/CSB according to the modified OECD screening test Fish toxicity : LC50 – > 100mg product/liter Bacterial toxicity : EC50 – > 100mg product/liter C. 2 Products 5 The product lines, due to the substance's unspecific effect on all kinds of insects, cover a very broad range of applications for the benefit of humans, animals, and plants. All products are based on Fulltec? s Active Substances, though in varying concentrations and with different additives to achieve specific requirements of different applications. Moreover further future applications are possible, as tests continue to reveal good results in previously uncovered areas. In addition, the formulas allow various ombinations, so that the products range can include gels, creams, oils, lotions, sprays, additives to cleaning and impregnation products, shampoos, spot-on-products, collars, bracelets and aerosols. The following tables list examples of available products. C. 2. 1 Products for human and environmental use Range of Use – Men – Women – Children Product Mosquito Protector Tick Protector Wasp Protector Horsefly Protector Repellent Bracelets Anti-L ice Shampoo Anti-Lice Lotion Anti-Lice Gel Anti-Lice Spray Lice-Repellent Spray Lice Repellent Gel Insect Killer Insect – Mosquitoes – Ticks – Wasps, Hornets – Horseflies Type Repellent – Men – Women – Children – Mosqitoes, Ticks – Headlice – Crablice Medical device – Clothlice acc. Directive – Nits 93/42/EEC – House Mite Stop – Washing Machine Anti-Lice Detergent – Business premises Roach Killer – Kitchen – Basement – Gels Insect Stop Spider Stop – Flies, Mosquitoes Insecticide – Wasps, Ants – Mites – Cloth Moths – Food Moths – Fleas, Lice – Dust Mites – Lice and Nits – Cockroaches – Cockroaches – Ants – House Crickets – Spiders – Woodlice – Ants – Cockroaches – Silverfish Insecticide Repellent & Insecticide C. 2. 2 Products for Pets and Animals 6 Range of Use Pets – Domestic animals Product Insect – Fleas – Biting flies – Lice and Nits – Mosquitoes – Ticks – Mites – Fleas, Ticks â €“ Mites, Lice – Horse Flies – Lice – Flies – Flees – Ticks – Other pests and nuisances Type Repellent & Insecticide Horsefly, Sandfly, Mosquito and Tick Protector Collars X-Line and Protect Line Spot on products – Dogs, Cats Liquid Sprays – Small farm animals Spot On – Horses Liquid Sprays – Cattle – Sheep – Other Domestic Animals Repellent & Insecticides C. 2. 3 Products for Plants & Garden Range of Use General Use Product Ant Stop Termite Stop Bug Stop Flowerspray Insect Ants – Termites – Beetles – Nematopodes – Mites – Aphids – White Flies – Red Spider Mites – Caterpillars – Ants – Fruit Flies – Caterpillars – Other Insects Type Insecticide Flowers Insecticide Trees Tree Protection Repellent & Insecticide C. 3 Independent Tests and Studies General: Various independent Institutes (1) conducted numerous extensiv e studies and tests on the individual Fulltec Products. Subjects of those were first of all the efficacy under test conditions and in practical use, secondly the tolerance (Toxicology) for humans as well as animals, and thirdly the ecological behavior (biological decomposition). As the insecticide effect is solely physical and not based on a nerve poison, there can't be any buildup of resistance. Regarding the Insecticide Products, the broad range of efficacy on various kinds of insects was demonstrated in the lab as well as in practical use. Furthermore the biological decomposition was demonstrated to be excellent. On the product Roach Killer efficacy against cockroaches was demonstrated. Regarding the Repellent Products – besides efficacy and toxicology – skin tolerance were main subjects of the extensive tests conducted. All tests showed excellent results. In addition, separate studies compared the efficacy in practical use (field tests). All tests revealed superior efficacy of Fulltec's Repellents compared to competitive products 7 including the market leaders Autan (Active: Bayrepel) and OFF (Active: DEET; both products by SC Johnson). On comparable conditions, the repelling effect of Fulltec's Repellents was shown to last longer. Worth to mention explicitly is the fact that Fulltec's Repellents are the only products available on the market yet to pass the rigorous requirements of the well known OECD Skin Absorption Test. 1) LHS Institut fur Hygieneforschung und Schadlingsbekampfung in Labor und Praxis, Miesenbachgasse 7, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria PRAEVMEDIC, Carmenstrasse 8a, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland BioGents GmbH, Universitatsstra? e 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany IS Insect Services GmbH, Dr. Hans Dautel, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany T. E. C. Insec ticides testing, 7 bis rue pont de l'aveugle, 64600 Anglet, France Hopital Avicennes, Professeur Azreki Izri, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, 125 rue de Stalingrad, 93009 Bobigny, France Complete detailed List of Test Reports see Annex I C. 4 Customer Benefits In the following graph, the characteristics of the Fulltec's substances are compared to those of DEET, Bayrepel and essential oils in Repellents. C. 4. 1 Comparison: Customer Benefit Repellents Active Ingredients Insect Repellents Fulltec DEET Bayrepel ++ + ++ + + + + ++ -+ ++ -0 0 0 + ++ ++ ++ + Essential Oils —+* + 0 ++*1 – 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 * = in low concentration, higher concentrations are irritant *1= banned after 01. 09. 2006 acc Directive 98/8/EEC Explanations: Comparing Fulltec's repellent against DEET, BAYREPEL containing products and essential oil: ++ = very good + = good 0 = reasonable -= could be better = unacceptable Comments: 8 1 – Long Term Effect: Contrary to the essential oils, Repellents from Fulltec show a high repelling effect for over 8 hours. DEET and Bayrepel also have proven to be effective under laboratory conditions whereas the effectiveness depended highly on the amount of active ingredient (high doses of > 30 %+ are effective like Fulltec’s Actives. Lower concentrations have poorer efficacy). 2 – Broadband Efficacy: Fulltec’s Repellents show the best broadband repelling efficacy against a wide range of nuisances, including multiple species of mosquitoes, ticks, wasps, horseflies, biting flies, black flies and mites. Products containing DEET at higher concentrations (> 30 %) are also effective widely. Bayrepel is only available in concentrations 10 and 20 % and exhibits just short protection times so that reapplications every 2 to 3 hours are necessary to get a safe level of protection. Essential oils are unsuitable because of practically non-existing protection time and broadband efficacy. 3 – Water/Sweating Resistance: Compared to the other substances, Fulltec’s products are more water resistant. As they are deactivated neither by sweating nor under water contact (e. g. short swimming) they keep their effectiveness also during sports. 4 – Skin Care: The substances used by Fulltec show significantly more skin care qualities than the competition. They only contain highly skin tolerant and even skin caring base- and active ingredients. Therefore the products are not only highly effective repellents, but also high quality cosmetic products. The plant oils and their skin caring derivates give the skin energy and vitality, whereas natural Vitamin E fights potential inflammations. Evenly applied, the product maintains the skin's natural moisture, and makes it soft and elastic. 4 – Skin Tolerance: Traditional, effective Repellents all contain high levels of skin irritating and partially highly toxic substances. Contrary, Fulltec products have never caused eczema or allergic reactions so far. Essential oils in higher concentrations cause skin and mucous membrane irritations. Furthermore they can solve plastics and synthetic textiles, which is a problem of DEET products, too. Bayrepel seems to have second best Skin Tolerance but examinations of its toxicological properties are not finalized yet. 5 – Ecological Tolerance: Fulltec products are natural non-poisonous products with a high ecological tolerance. Essential oils, above all technical qualities of Rosemary and Citronella exhibit toxic effects on soil bacterias and show only poor ecological tolerance. DEET on the other hand is an ecotoxic substance. Bayrepel seams to have only slightly ecotoxic potential. 6 – Price: The Fulltec product’s prices are usually conforming competitors and markets policies. Fulltec’s low standing expenses allows following all prerequisites of different markets and competitors pricing. 7- Availability: Bayrepel (Autan) definitely has the best availability in all retail channels today. Being the No. 1 in Central European pharmacies Fulltec? s Repellents reached a high level of availability. Furthermore they are able to substitute all Natural Actives based competitive products which will be banned after 01. 09. 2006 (deadline of Directive 98/8/EEC). These other Natural products mainly are sold through drug stores, but constantly decreasing customer acceptance and demand will lead to only a narrower availability in the future in countries outside of the EC as well in NAFTA under further restrictions by the EPA and the Canadian PESTICIDE REGISTRATION and EVALUATION COMMITTEE. 8 – User friendliness: All products are user friendly in the sense of easy application. However DEET is aggressive against several materials like plastics, is toxic and causes skin and mucous membrane irritations. This is also valid for several essential oils. Bayrepel seems to be more safe and gentle but is restricted for application on children below an age of 2 years. Only Fulltec Repellents fulfilled requirements of the OECD skin absorption test and can be used safe under observance of the recommended directions for use. In summary, the Fulltec products clearly offer the highest customer. The Fulltec products are highly effective against insects comparable to high concentrated DEET. In contrast to DEET, Fulltec products are based on natural ingredients and show excellent skin tolerance 9 and skin care qualities. In comparison essential oils repellents are of natural base, too but they show a low efficacy in terms of repelling insects over a longer period of time. Moreover a lot of them cause skin and mucous membrane irritations and possess photosensitizing potential. C. 4. 1 Protection against Competition The products are adequately protected by granted or pending patents). Fulltec AG owns the patents protecting the repelling as well as the lethal features of the active substances. In addition, the isolated declaration of ingredients according UPAC or INCI usually does not allow gaining knowledge on the exact composition and special nature of the Actives. Fulltec’s exclusive knowledge of the patented manufacturing process of Actives guarantees imitation protection of Fulltec Repellants and Insecticides by competitors. D Markets Very attractive market (extremely high market volume, high growth) Fulltec shows all pre-requisites to be successful Market is already accepting the Fulltec Products Consumer Trend clearly going towards Natural Products Barriers of entry already overcome D. 1 Market Overview D. 1. 1 Description / Characteristics If only for its enormous size, the market for Insect Repellents and Insecticides should be considered extremely attractive. Despite the big established competitors dominating the market, there are various attractive niche markets available to innovative companies. Fulltec, with its range of nature products falls into such a niche. The currently most widely used ingredients in competitive products are DEET (in repellents) and Pyrethroids (in insecticides). All those substances are being increasingly questioned and therefore avoided by many consumers and more and more even by governments and appropriate authorities. It can be expected that those products with questionable active ingredients will have to be substituted more and more by natural products. This opens up an extremely high potential for Fulltec to firmly establish itself in this market. As the products meet a high consumer acceptance already today, a bigger market penetration can be safely foreseen. D. 1. 2 Market Segments The segmentation of the market shows the following criteria: †¢ †¢ Range of use: Humans and Environment / Pets / Animals / Plants Type of use: Repellent (to repel insects) / Insecticide (to kill insects) Region: Switzerland / European Community / USA / Canada /Australia †¢ To identify the estimated total market volume, the various market segments were analyzed at first (Supplements: Estimated Market Volume). Starting points were market studies of IHA GfM for Switzerland and GFK for Germany. In addition, the relevant market segments for Fulltec in terms of distribution channels, competition, prices and margins were analyzed. On the basis of market data of the specialized trade (pharmacies, etc. ), the total market volume for Switzerland and Germany was estimated. In order to calculate total 10 world market volume, Switzerland's and Germany? s per capita consumption was taken as a base. However adaptations to in some instances different distribution channels, price levels, usages, etc. were made. D. 1. 3 Client Structure To distribute its products, Fulltec currently uses the following channels: †¢ †¢ Specialized Trade (Pharmacies, Drug Stores), and more sparely in Retail Chains and Stores However it is a set goal to penetrate all segments of distribution. In Switzerland for example, the specialized trade segment could be covered by big players in pharmaceuticals and special chemicals (for Repellents), and the retail chains and stores by international players (for Insecticides). Moreover, Fulltec currently is in negotiation with various Multinational Companies. D. 1. 4 Factors for Success In the Insect Repellent and Insecticides markets, the most important factors for success are definitely the efficacy of the products and the presence at the â€Å"point of sale†, i. . the easy availability for the consumer. Moreover the tolerance of the products for human and environment is of increasing importance. In addition, an increasing sensibility against synthetic, toxic substances is recognized, as more health consciousness of people leads to preference of natural products. The Fulltec products are both, highly efficient and ecologically well tolerated. In order to imp rove easy availability for the consumers, Fulltec decided to collaborate exclusively with established distribution partners. It is possible to achieve a high market presence in short time with this strategy. Fulltec products perfectly meet the factors of success, which allows the continuation of the quick market penetration by Fulltec products. D. 2 Market Position Current Situation Currently, the strongest market position held by the Fulltec products is repellents, a highly attractive market segment. The second position in terms of market penetration as well as attractiveness of the market segment is held by the natural insecticides, especially the market segment Pet Protection. All remaining product groups (Repellents and Insecticides in all their broadness) are positioned in relatively highly attractive market segments, but have not reached significant market penetration so far. Future Situation Longer term, Fulltec expects to achieve fairly dominant market positions in the following segments: Insect Repellents, Anti-Lice product line, Household Insecticides, Pet Protection and Mite Stop, which at the same time are the most attractive product groups and market segments. Less dominant, but nevertheless sizeable market positions are expected to be attainable in the egments Agricultural Insecticides and Garden Products. Repellent 11 At least for the next one or two years, Repellent products are expected to continue contributing the largest share to total revenues among all product groups, as the total world market for such products is huge and extremely attractive. Furthermore, Fulltec? s natural and non-toxic products today are already well accepted in Europ e and USA. It is assumed that over time, natural products will increasingly challenge the established toxic products, gaining in market share also due to legislation changing towards more restrictive forms. Anti-Lice Products Market penetration of these products is on the best way to get No. 2 in Europe and No. 1 in Medicine Devices in EC. It is expected to significantly increase its share, as being of natural base and pure physical efficacy often is the decisive factor for being chosen by consumers. Efficacy of the product is excellent, and it is being very well tolerated. Pharmaceutical trading (Drug stores and Pharmacies) will be the preferred sales channel, thereby guaranteeing high margins and profits. Pet Products By nature, the market for pet products is very attractive and competition is very high. As Fulltec will concentrate its efforts on those markets, which offer the best relative competitive position, pet products will not be at the forefront of marketing efforts at the moment. A potential cooperation with one or more established companies in this field however could change this assessment rapidly. Natural Insecticides Due to ever increasing requirements in terms of ecological tolerance and to the extensive restrictions of Directive 98/8/EEC according Biocides, natural insecticides should gain significant market share over the coming years. This product group therefore is expected to contribute markedly to total revenue growth. Mite Stop Taking into account the steady increase of Dust Mite Allergies, this segment is clearly a market of the future. Dust mite allergies come from a saturation of the air with dust and excrement particles. A Fulltec product to exterminate dust mites is already fully developed and successfully introduced into Central European markets. It is applied by spraying into air and on mite-infested surfaces. The dust particles become saturated with Mite Stop and drop to the floor, which already brings about a cleaning of the air. The fallen down particles start to act as insecticide against the dust mites population. The circle of the extermination of dust mites therefore is closed. A relatively quick market introduction is possible, as a registration as Anti-Allergicum can be avoided if the product is advertised and sold as primarily an Air Cleaner. All other currently available products on the market are still based on toxic Pyrethroids, which puts the Fulltec product into an advantageous position. Alternative methods used are various medications, which however combat the symptoms rather than the cause of the problem. Furthermore, as such drugs are high margin products, the Fulltec alternative can also be expected to sell at premium prices with high margins. D. 3 Market Assessment The following points peak in further increasing market penetration by the products of Fulltec: 1. Acceptance of the Fulltec Products 12 On the markets already served, the Fulltec products generally achieve a high market acceptance. 2. Barriers of Entry The barriers of entry to new contenders are quite high. Fulltec has already overcome them as the products lready have been tested in terms of efficacy and tolerance, and as patents and registrations processes have already been initiated. 3. Trends A major trend within today's society points towards substitution of toxic substances by natural ones. Accordingly, the market potential for Fulltec's natural and non toxic products can safely be considered very excellent. E Competition Competition in Repellents mostly DEET and Bayrepel based Competition in Insecticides mostly Pyr ethroid, Carbamates and Organophosphonics based Significant competitive advantage for Fulltec Fulltec is ready for competitive strategies E. 1 Competitive Products E. 1. 1 Repellents In competing repellents worldwide, almost universally the substance DEET (N,N-Diethyl-mtoluamide) is used. This specifically effective Insect Repellent is toxic and has a strong irritating effect on eyes and mucous membranes. Some children have shown a harming of nerves and, due to inhaling DEET, cases of death have been reported (Tenenbein, M. JAMA, J. Am. Medical Assoc, 1987, 258). In competing repellents in Europe, almost the substances Icaridin (Bayrepel) and IR3535 are used. Alternative repellents such as essential oils show a rather low efficacy and can cause allergic reactions. E. 1. 2 Insecticides A multitude of active ingredients is used by competing insecticides products. Most of them are nerve poisons. A lot of the formerly highly praised substances (DDT, Dieldrin, Lindan) are banned today in many industrialized countries because of their toxicity. Alternatively, Pyrethroids are used very widely today (about 50-75% market share). Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides. Although the toxicity of this insect specific biocide is markedly lower for mammals, it is still a factor of up to 100-times higher compared to the Fulltec Insecticides. In addition, Pyrethroids show a considerably higher fish toxicity. Other natural insecticides currently show a clearly lower efficacy compared to both, the synthetic insecticides and the Fulltec products. E. 1. 3 Most Important Competitors The following table gives an overview on Fulltec's most important competitors and their products. In the Supplements section, there is a table listing the most important companies within the various market segments in Switzerland with their market shares. 13 Competitors and Competing Products Company Bayer SC Johnson 3M Corp. Reckitt & Coleman Shell Vogt AVON Description Multinational Chemical Co. Multinational Chemical Co. Multinational Chemical Co. Multinational Chemical Co. Multinational Chemical Co. Small Specialty Co. Intl. Cosmetics Co. Geographic al Presence International International International International International Switzerland USA and Intl. Market Position Market Leader worldwide Marked Leader USA No. 2 USA No. 3 worldwide No. 1 in Market Segments Leader Repellents CH No. 1 Mail-order USA Company Bayer SC Johnson Insecticide Baygon Raid Substance pyrethroids pyrethroids Repellent OFF, Autan Ultrathon KIK Anti-Brumm Skin So Soft Substance DEET/DMP Bayrepel DEET/DEP DEET/DMP DEET Natural Base 3M Corp. Reckitt & Coleman Heropic, Neocid pyrethroids Shell Shelltox pyrethroids Vogt AVON E. 1. 4 Competitive Advantages / Disadvantages Advantages: The products of Fulltec have enormous advantages of being based on substances well tolerated by human and environment. They do contain neither the toxic DEET nor any other harmful substances. Moreover the products show high efficacy – comparable or higher to the synthetic products and significantly higher than essential oils. Initial success, especially due to above factors, is clearly visible on already covered markets. Disadvantages: The products themselves do not have any apparent disadvantages. As the market position of the competitors is fairly dominant so far, a successful market entry of small companies like Fulltec is not easy. However, the massive advantages of Fulltec products cited above as well as an experienced management will help Fulltec to overcome such hurdles. E. 1. 5 Competitive Strategies The constantly increasing demand for natural products may tempt competitors into imitating Fulltec's substances. However the patents as well as the product know-how speak against such strategies. A substitution of the Fulltec formula by another, equally effective natural substance, is not discernible so far. After all, some competitor might be tempted into trying a takeover of Fulltec AG. The current shareholder structure though represents an insurmountable barrier at least for unfriendly and unwelcome takeover attempts. In any case the interests of the shareholders will be of major importance. F F. 1 Marketing Market Coverage 14 F. 1. 1 Distribution / Sales Distribution is effected through sales partners with a high market presence in the respective market segments. This strategy will be continued, as it allows a relatively rapid penetration of the markets. In addition, it allows using more than one distributor in a single market with the different Actives and slightly modified formulas in different structured market segments. This strategy also allows opening up the various distribution channels in a given market (Specialized Trade, Retail Trade, Mail-order Business Partners, etc. . However it is possible that some distributors are in direct competition with others selling a different form and Active Ingredient of the same basic product. For products or product groups which are not part of first priority marketing plans, strategic alliances with companies firmly entrenched in those market segments are planned. F. 1. 2 Communication Communication will be expanded to new partners to develop new markets and activities of business. Further it will be necessary to perfect and extend information. The end users will be more clearly informed about both, the negative effects of the competitive products, and of course about the advantages of the Fulltec products. This strategy will lead to accelerated substitution of the traditional synthetic products by natural Fulltec products. For this purpose, various media, like Internet TV and radio advertisement appear predestined. F. 2 Product and Marketing Design Currently Fulltec does not sell any products under its own name. The distributor or sales agent can individually choose a brand name of his own. F. 2. 1 Product Line The product line of Fulltec is described in detail earlier in this report. All products are available either as bulk ready to use, as concentrate (container, barrel) or already packaged as lotion, spray, etc. Future Years In the following years Fulltec expects continuous gain of overall market share. This should lead to a sustainable growth in revenues of at least 40 -60% per year. It will be looked for further sales partners in Europe as well as in the USA, Asia, Africa and South America, mainly for the Repellent, the Insecticide and the Anti-Lice Product line. G Production / Procurement/ Ecology / Location / R & D Patented Production Processes – Ample unused Production Capacity – No specific Dependence on Suppliers of Raw Materials – Environment-friendly Production – Good Location – R & D Emphasis – Refine existing Products – Develop further Applications G. 1 Production All sold products are produced under control of Fulltec by indep endent contractors. The production processes mainly consist of the manufacturing of Active Substances by physical 15 conversion of natural substances into efficient derivates and mixing various substances according to proprietary and secret processes and formulas. Consequently only a relatively small number of equipment and technical installations are needed. To get to the finished products, automatic filling and packing machines are used. The production process itself is high technology, although just common lab equipment (including gas chromatography and thin layer chromatography) is necessary. As the production process is highly automated, labor costs are kept low, too. Fulltec has the option to build up its own production facility or seek external contractors for tasks like mixing, filling and packaging. However at the moment such a construction step is not planned. G. 2 Procurement All ingredients and raw materials needed for the production are easily available. Suppliers are mainly big companies, competing against each other price-wise as some of the raw materials used are also traded on the commodity markets. The prices for the raw materials used do not fluctuate widely. Therefore no problems regarding the supply side are foreseeable, which should guarantee an ongoing smooth production process. G. 3 Ecology G. 3. 1 Legal Compliance All relevant laws and orders of Switzerland and the EC are strictly followed by Fulltec. However it is important to note that Fulltec does not fall under the order on ecological tolerance (Umweltvertraglichkeitsprufung) or the Storfallverordnung). For all products, safety data sheets are available, as requested by the regarding directives, e. g. Stoffverordnung (order on materials used). G. 3. 2 Raw Materials The main components of the products consist of natural raw materials. Apart from water, mainly non-toxic and well biodegradable substances are used. Some other ingredients of very low toxicity (all within Swiss poison class 4 or 5 or not classified) are just used as additives in very low quantities. All raw materials are well biodegradable. G. 4 Location Fulltec AG is located in Zug, Switzerland. Infrastructure: Currently production is done by contractors which are capable of increasing volumes significantly without causing any problems. The (rented) offices are fairly new, and adequate for Fulltec's sales activities. As most of the clients are located in different foreign countries and transport costs are low at current sales volumes, this point is of no major importance at the moment. At a later stage though, when sales continue increasing at estimated rates, other (outsourced) production facilities within major client regions or countries will be installed. The generally very high level of education of employees in Switzerland and countries of contractors (Austria, Germany) represents a competitive advantage. Locations are very attractive for employees. 16 Distance to clients: Education: Labor Costs: Corresponding to the high level of education, salary levels are quite high as well, at least compared to other countries. However, as the operation of Fulltec is not very labor intensive, this does not represent a major disadvantage. G. 5 Research & Development Research & Development is being conducted in laboratories in Austria. As this division caused no problems in the past, there is no plan to combine these efforts in one single place. In R, emphasis is being put on refining existing products. In addition, further potential applications for the same basic formula inherent in all Fulltec products are also developed as new Actives on natural basis. H Organization / Management Direct major efforts to the goal of achieving competitive advantages Lean Organization Management with proven capabilities Profit Sharing by Management H. 1 Organization H. 1. 1 Core Functions In the following, we comment on the core functions within Fulltec today, in the order of current importance or weighing (number of people involved, financial resources). Marketing / Sales: This part definitely requires the most attention in the current phase of development. New distribution and sales partners have to be located, new markets have to be developed, new products introduced, etc. Strong partners offer the best prospects in terms of the variety of products represented and of potential market penetration. Production: The production processes are very well matured. Therefore it can be outsourced to thoroughly selected partners. However Fulltec controls the whole process at any stage. Of course there will be efforts to optimize production, to use free capacities, etc. Even though good patent protection is given, the producers have to prove reliability in keeping the exact formulations secret. R: The major phase of R, the development of the formulations and the final products, is basically done. Therefore main R emphasis will be put into the refinement of existing products and the identification and development of additional applications. However this does not mean that no new products or product lines will be developed in the future. Procurement: As already mentioned in other sections of this business plan, the procurement of the raw materials does not pose any problems, neither in terms of availability nor in terms of price. Increased sales volume in future will even lead to better purchase conditions. Service: Sales advice and support is of major importance for every production company. However, regarding the specific construction of the company, service does not play a major role in the case of Fulltec, as the products do not require any kind of maintenance, repairs, or other frequent advice. Speed and accuracy of delivery on the other hand is of paramount importance. 17